Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons Essay Example for Free

Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons Essay Once in the body, they are converted into arene oxides by cytochrome P. An arene oxide is a compound in which one of the double bonds of the aromatic ring has been converted into an epoxide. The changing of the aromatic hydrocarbon into an epoxide forms a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated from the body. Arene oxides can react in two ways. They can undergo attack by a nucleophile to form addition products or rearrange to form a phenol. Some aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogens, meaning they can cause cancer. Investigations have shown that hydrocarbons themselves are not carcinogenic, but the carcinogens are the oxidation products of the aromatic molecules. Nucleophiles react with epoxides to form addition products. 2’-Deoxyguanosine, a component of DNA, has a nucleophilic NH? group that is known to react with certain arene oxides. Once it attaches to an arene oxide, the 2’-deoxyguanosine can no longer fit into the DNA. This results in the genetic code not being properly transcribed, which can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Arene oxides’ becoming carcinogenic depends on the rates of its two reaction pathways: rearrangement and reaction with a nucleophile. When an arene oxide rearranges, it forms phenols which are not carcinogenic. However, the formation of two addition products from nucleophilic attack by DNA can be carcinogenic. If the rate of arene oxide rearrangement is faster the nucleophilic attack by DNA, the arene oxide is harmless. If the rates are the other way around the arene oxide is likely to be carcinogenic. The rate of arene oxide rearrangement depends on the stability of the carbocation formed in the rate determining step. So, an arene oxide’s cancer causing ability depends on the stability of the carbocation. If the carbocation is stable, the rate will be faster and therefore the arene oxide is less likely to be carcinogenic. If the carbocation is unstable, the rate will be relatively slow and the arene oxide will more likely be attacked by nucleophiles. This leads to the possibility of carcinogens. After reading thoroughly through the Organic Chemistry 5th Edition book by Paula Bruice, I must agree with the investigations that have proven aromatic hydrocarbons to be non-carcinogenic. It is kind of interesting that arene oxides become carcinogenic depending on the reaction pathway it takes. I would like to know what other, if any, factors may contribute to carcinogens being formed once aromatic hydrocarbons enter the body

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

The Ambassadors Body Essay -- Screen Theory Films Essays

The Ambassador's Body "Screen theory" developed in the 1970s from the work of a group of French and English film theorists including Christian Metz, Laura Mulvey, Jean-Louis Baudry, Jean-Louis Comolli, and Stephen Heath. In the form in which it has come to influencecultural studies, it combines elements of an eclectic range of theoretical perspectives, including the early structuralist work of Roland Barthes which proposes that the meanings of signifiers are determined by their position within a network of oppositions and equivalences; Louis Althusser's conceptualization of interpellation as a process of meconnaissance (misrecognition); and Jacques Lacan's seminal work on the mirror stage as a foundational step in the child becoming a subject. Screen theory treats filmic images as signifiers encoding meanings but also, thanks to the apparatus through which the images are projected, as mirrors in which, by (mis)recognizing themselves, viewers accede to subjectivity. One of its major strengths lies in its techniques for uncovering ideological messages encrypted in images, messages which are taken to have a direct constitutive impact upon their viewers. In the context of the 70s, this aspect of the theory contributed importantly to the development of a politics of the image which critiqued the mass media on the assumption that the images which they circulate shape the subjectivities of their viewers. Such a view, divorced from the heady mixture of "high theory" and left politics associated with Screen theory, remains the cornerstone of much contemporary censorship practice as well as P.C. politics. According to Screen theory, in addition to functioning as a vehicle for ideological meanings, th... ...en it is in a highly overdetermined way, from the canvas as a whole, rather than, as Lacan claims, from a single formal element, namely the image of the skull. Despite these concessions to Lacan's critics, my theoretical account of the gaze remains firmly Lacanian. In particular, I reject Screen theory's account of the gaze as specular in favor of Lacan's rival claim that the gaze is a site at which the Real disrupts the visual field. My differences from Lacan reside in an attempt to historicize his work by showing the way in which ideological factors mediate the effect of visual objects upon their viewers. *(From Chapter Six of my forthcoming Fetish: An Erotics of Culture to appear with Cornell UP, 1999; an earlier version of this same chapter will appear in Chapter Seven of Tom Rosteck ed., At The Intersection to appear with Guilford, 1998).

Monday, January 13, 2020

Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory

Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunizations should become mandatory in order to prolong the existence of the human race and avoid the potential death of millions. The image I used represents the fear of vaccinations by many parents. The image not only shows the child screaming in pain from the vaccination, but also the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mother’s pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the expression of agony on her face.The doctor is portrayed as being unconcerned about the pain that her patient is in. The creator of the image attempts to scare the general public into believing that doctors purposely inject harmful substances into their patients and do not care about the consequences of their actions. Before stating why people should have mandatory vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. Many argue that a child’s immune system can protect them from the majorit y of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for.Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some say that vaccinations do not work at all. In order to get rid of parents’ fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccines provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that can spread throughout a population quickly. It is estimated that â€Å"every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that people's natural defenses are caught completely unprepared†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances like this, people should be obligated to be given immunizations. In a survey concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an individual should not have the ability to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http://www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law).Vaccines have the ability to destroy and prevent many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated polio and smallpox. A study by the Pediatric Academic Society showed that â€Å"childhood vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year†( http://vaccines. procon. org/#background). However, there are people who refuse to receive vaccinations. Some individuals don’t receive vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are healthy enough to naturally resist most diseases.Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive vaccinations, not being vaccinated can have serious consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened betwee n January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 reported cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would also argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children.However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proved the hypothesis that â€Å"thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism† was a false claim(Music, p161-167). Childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% effective in stopping diseases according to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would also argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of contracting many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the public’s chances of not getting diseases, â€Å"communities must maintain a herd immunity†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. co m/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a population is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer existent can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economic benefits.The CDC found that â€Å"every $1 spent on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical costs†(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the chicken pox vaccination hospital bills related to chicken pox dropped from $160 million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immun izations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to move from one person to another Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunizations should become mandatory in order to prolong the existence of the human race and avoid the potential death of millions. The image I used represents the fear of vaccinations by many parents. The image not only shows the child screaming in pain from the vaccination, but also the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mother’s pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the expression of agony on her face.The doctor is portrayed as being unconcerned about the pain that her patient is in. The creator of the image attempts to scare the general public into believing that doctors purposely inject harmful substances into their patients and do not care about the consequences of their actions. Before stating why people should have mandatory vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. Many argue that a child’s immune system can protect them from the majorit y of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for.Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some say that vaccinations do not work at all. In order to get rid of parents’ fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccines provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that can spread throughout a population quickly. It is estimated that â€Å"every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that people's natural defenses are caught completely unprepared†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances like this, people should be obligated to be given immunizations. In a survey concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an individual should not have the ability to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http://www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law).Vaccines have the ability to destroy and prevent many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated polio and smallpox. A study by the Pediatric Academic Society showed that â€Å"childhood vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year†( http://vaccines. procon. org/#background). However, there are people who refuse to receive vaccinations. Some individuals don’t receive vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are healthy enough to naturally resist most diseases.Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive vaccinations, not being vaccinated can have serious consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened betwee n January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 reported cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would also argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children.However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proved the hypothesis that â€Å"thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism† was a false claim(Music, p161-167). Childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% effective in stopping diseases according to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would also argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of contracting many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the public’s chances of not getting diseases, â€Å"communities must maintain a herd immunity†(Edwards, http://health. owstuffworks. co m/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a population is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer existent can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economic benefits.The CDC found that â€Å"every $1 spent on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical costs†(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the chicken pox vaccination hospital bills related to chicken pox dropped from $160 million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http://health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immun izations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to move from one person to another

Sunday, January 5, 2020

5 Things Not to Say to Someone Trying to Stop Smoking

5 Things Not to Say to Someone Trying to Stop Smoking No doubt, right. Youre stopping smoking. Once more. This presumably best the arrangement of things you shouldnt say, regardless of the possibility that youre distressfully enticed. Actually, most individuals need to make a few endeavors at smoking discontinuance before they stop for great. Along these lines, yes, you need to stay strong regardless of how often the individual has attempted. Simply take a full breath and tell your companion or adored one (once more) that you are there in the event that he or she needs help stopping smoking. (Madeline Vann, 2014) Smoking is terrible and costly. Why do you do it? This reaction most likely puts a smoker on edge. It is likewise disgracing — and disgrace doesnt essentially give a motivator to quit smoking. Particularly on the off chance that you havent smoked yourself, reveal to some sympathy, exhorts Lando. An option to harping on the negative characteristics of tobacco use is to underscore the general profits of stopping smoking. Its fine to say, Simply contemplate the amount great youre accomplishing for your body (or your financial balance). For somebody taking a shot at smoking end, these might be all the more influential motivators. (Madeline Vann, 2014) Youre going to get cancer. What isnt the matter with this announcement? Youre not a soothsayer, and this undermining forecast is likely simply going to be met with indignation. When in doubt,Show MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking cigarettes can be very harmful to your life with so many health issues, such as heart disease, cancer and emphysema. Some people think it’s not a huge issue smoking cigarettes but it’s a great way to lose ten years of your life. 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